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The central purpose of DNA harm and epigenetic defects in DNA restore genes in carcinogenesis The classical view of most cancers is a list of diseases driven by progressive genetic abnormalities that come with mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes, As well as in chromosomal abnormalities. A job for epigenetic alterations was determined while in the early twenty first century.[103]
放射線治療（也稱放療、輻射療法）是使用輻射線殺死癌細胞，縮小腫瘤。放射治療可經由體外放射治療（英语：external beam radiotherapy）或體內近接放射治療。由於癌細胞的生長和分裂都較正常細胞快，藉由輻射線破壞細胞的遺傳物質，可阻止細胞生長或分裂，進而控制癌細胞的生長。不過放射治療的效果僅能侷限在接受照射的區域內。放射治療的目標則是要儘可能的破壞所有癌細胞，同時盡量減少對鄰近健康組織影響。雖然輻射線照射對癌細胞和正常細胞都會造成損傷，但大多數正常細胞可從放射治療的傷害中恢復。因此通常在臨床上，醫師與放射專家會小心計算需要的放射線劑量，同時放射治療也會分成許多次進行，讓健康的組織在每次輻射線照射的間隔中能有機會恢復。
畸胎瘤是性腺或胚胎剩件中的全能细胞发生的肿瘤，常发生于性腺，一般含有两个以上胚层的成分，结构混乱，也有良性和恶性之分。
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During the 15th, 16th and 17th hundreds 癌症 of years, it turned appropriate for Health professionals to dissect bodies to discover the cause of Demise.[229] The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast most cancers was caused by a milk clot inside a mammary duct.
多數癌症是自發性的（英语：sporadic），但是有些癌症還是與遺傳有關，通常遺傳到缺陷的腫瘤抑制基因時會有較顯著的影響和症狀。舉例而言：
单个基因异常不能使细胞完全向恶性转化，多种原癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活作用累积，最终导致恶性肿瘤的发生。
腫瘤較小且尚未擴散/轉移（癌細胞可被定位、手術移除，不需借助循環全身的化學藥物治療）
癌症发病率随着年龄的增长而急剧上升，这很可能是因为特定癌症的风险随着年龄的增长而增加。随着年龄的增长，整体风险不断积累，而同时细胞修复机制的有效性则呈下降趋势。
另一方面，現在有些方法則是想利用身體本身的免疫系統產生非專一性的免疫反應來對抗癌細胞，例如卡介苗膀胱內灌注免疫療法（英语：intravesical BCG immunotherapy）將卡介苗灌注進入膀胱內，以引發免疫反應對抗表淺性膀胱癌（英语：superficial bladder most cancers）。此外使用干擾素和介白質素，均可引起免疫反應。而使用疫苗所產生的免疫反應來對抗腫瘤的研究也正在進行當中，尤其是針對惡性黑色素瘤與腎細胞腫瘤（英语：renal cell carcinoma））。
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用于有可能发展为癌症的患者，如隐睾、家族性结肠息肉病、乳腺不典型增生、口腔白斑、遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征等。